This study investigates the critical relationship between economic financial literacy and national sustainable development. As modern global economies grow increasingly complex, the capacity of individuals to make informed, forward-looking financial decisions has transitioned from a personal asset to a core macroeconomic necessity. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, this paper examines how individual levels of financial literacy—specifically proficiency in budgeting, understanding inflation, risk diversification, and the adoption of formal financial products—influence macro-level indicators of sustainable development, including poverty alleviation, small and medium enterprise (SME) growth, domestic capital accumulation, and green investment adoption. Structural equation modeling and regression analyses were applied to empirical data to assess the direct and indirect pathways through which financial education drives sustainable economic growth. The findings reveal that high levels of financial literacy significantly reduce reliance on predatory debt, accelerate informal-to-formal sector financial transitions, and amplify the domestic capital pool available for long-term sustainable infrastructure funding. Furthermore, a strong correlation was established between financial literacy and the resilience of women-led enterprises, underscoring its role in fostering inclusive economic development. The study concludes that financial literacy functions as a vital public good and a primary mechanism for achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Consequently, a systematic structural framework is provided to aid policymakers, central banks, and educational authorities in embedding comprehensive financial education modules into national developmental agendas.