Bamboo has emerged as a critical player in the quest for sustainable construction materials, offering a unique amalgamation of rapid renewability, remarkable mechanical properties, and a low environmental footprint. Over the past two decades, academic and industry interest in bamboo as a structural material has proliferated, driven by global imperatives to reduce the construction sector’s ecological impact and align with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from an extensive range of peerreviewed literature, examining the physicalmechanical characteristics of bamboo, its environmental and socio-economic benefits, and the technical barriers to its broader adoption in civil engineering. Special focus is given to advanced engineered bamboo products such as bamboo scrimber and laminated bamboo, and to their performance in load-bearing and composite applications. The paper also discusses contemporary methodologies for bamboo treatment, standardization challenges, life cycle assessment (LCA), and the intersection of bamboo construction with cultural and economic dimensions, especially in the Global South. Despite significant advancements, the mainstreaming of bamboo as a structural material faces critical research and regulatory gaps. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, emphasizing the need for harmonized standards, improved durability treatments, enhanced product innovation, and supportive policy frameworks. Addressing these challenges can position bamboo as a transformative material in green building strategies, capable of delivering robust structural performance while advancing global sustainability agendas [1].