The growth of global supply chains (GSCs) in the past three decades has transformed the global economic order, opening up new possibilities for trade, specialization, and productivity growth. However, their socioeconomic effect is highly contentious since they generate disparate impacts on nations, businesses, and employee groups. In this study, The Socio-Economic Implications of Global Supply Chains: Winners, Losers, and the Environment, is discussed to reference the Nigerian context of the larger Global South. On the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical facts, the research in this study examines how GSCs share economic benefits, justify international disparities, condition labour relations, and transfer environmental burdens. The study further gauges the vulnerability of emerging economies to global shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitics tensions, which further emphasize their dependency on the global market. The report confirms that advanced economies and Multinational Corporations capture huge value through innovation, branding, and technology-driven manufacturing while developing economies such as Nigeria are left behind at the base of value chains. Their participation is largely resource-oriented, with little integration into higher value- added manufacturing and services. Performance in the labour market is also under pressure, as integration into GSCs has a tendency to reinforce informal, insecure, and low-wage employment. The study calls for more sustainable and inclusive governance of GSCs, strong institutional frameworks, and focused policies to reposition Nigeria and other African economies in high value chain rungs.