Cement and sand are fundamental constituents of concrete, the world’s most extensively employed construction material. The intrinsic properties of these materials, including their physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics, govern the performance of concrete in terms of strength, durability, and workability. This literature review synthesizes findings from primary and recent studies concerning the properties of cement and sand, their synergistic effects within concrete, and their roles in structural performance. Emphasis is placed on the classification, grading, and compositional attributes of cement and sand, with detailed discussion of how these factors influence compressive strength, workability, and durability. Comprehensive data tables and critical analyses are provided, alongside identification of research gaps and recommendations for future directions, particularly in the context of sustainable and high-performance materials. The review integrates supplementary perspectives from advancements in artificial intelligence for material property prediction and aggregate gradation optimization, underlining the evolving landscape of construction materials research.