Lassa fever remains a persistent public health challenge in Nigeria, where recurrent outbreaks highlight the urgent need for effective predictive and control strategies. In this study, we present a review of the theoretical framework for a 4-compartment mathematical model that investigates the dynamics of Lassa fever transmission within human and rodent populations in Nigeria. The model explains key epidemiological factors including human-to-human transmission, rodent-to-human contact, and seasonal variations in rodent population dynamics. This paper also discussed how to estimate model parameters and compute the basic reproduction number, R0, as an indicator of disease persistence. Stability analysis of the disease-free and endemic equilibria is performed. Other important aspects reviewed were concepts, interpretations and implications of sensitivity analysis with respect to epidemiological and policy insights, public health implications and probable research recommendations. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Lassa fever modelling by emphasizing context-specific parameters and intervention strategies suitable for Nigeria. The study provides a mathematical framework to guide researchers in explaining the course of Lassa fever spread, and policymakers in planning sustainable control measures against Lassa fever and other rodent-borne diseases in West Africa.